Naclo4 xps peak sodium ion
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In this electrolyte, AlCl 3 complexes with the Cl ion from Cl to produce AlCl 4 − and EMIm +, and any excess AlCl 3 converts a portion of AlCl 4 − into Al 2Cl 7 –, resulting in the coexistence of AlCl 4 − and Al 2Cl 7 −: Among them, ILs comprised of AlCl 3 and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Cl) are a classical chloroaluminate based electrolyte system with many desired properties including non-flammability, non-volatility, low viscosity, high conductivity, and high thermal stability and chemical inertness 17, 19. In particular, room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely explored as promising candidates due to their non-flammable nature 16, 17, 18. Developing new electrolyte systems that are intrinsically non-flammable has also been actively pursued 13, 14, 15. For organic electrolytes various strategies have been investigated to mitigate the safety concerns, including the use of voltage or temperature-sensitive separators 9, 10, 11 and overcharge protection additives 12. Rechargeable batteries using flammable organic electrolytes always risk fire/explosion hazards when short circuit or thermal runaway happens, setting a bottleneck in battery design/engineering and requiring innovations of next-generation battery systems with intrinsically higher safety 7, 8. At higher energies, battery safety becomes increasingly important, evident from high-profile battery fires/explosion accidents in recent years.
#Naclo4 xps peak sodium ion portable#
High-energy rechargeable battery systems have been actively pursued for a wide range of applications from portable electronics to grid energy storage and electric automotive industry 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The batteries retained over 90% of the original capacity after 700 cycles, suggesting an effective approach to sodium metal batteries with high energy/high power density, long cycle life and high safety. The obtained batteries reached voltages up to ~ 4 V, high Coulombic efficiency up to 99.9%, and high energy and power density of ~ 420 Wh kg −1 and ~ 1766 W kg −1, respectively. This leads to the first chloroaluminate based ionic liquid electrolyte for rechargeable sodium metal battery. Here we report a chloroaluminate ionic liquid electrolyte comprised of aluminium chloride/1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride/sodium chloride ionic liquid spiked with two important additives, ethylaluminum dichloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. The pursuit of higher energy density should ideally come with high safety, a goal difficult for electrolytes based on organic solvents. Rechargeable sodium metal batteries with high energy density could be important to a wide range of energy applications in modern society.